Physical Layer Loopback and Signal Voltage
When a router reports that the WAN/Internet port is disconnected, it is experiencing a failure at **Layer 1 (Physical Layer)** of the OSI model. The ethernet controller on the router's motherboard monitors electrical resistance across the copper wire pairs inside the cable. If it does not detect a partner transceiver at the other end (on the ONT or modem), it remains in an idle state.
In modern Gigabit fiber configurations, auto-negotiation can sometimes fail if the ONT's ethernet port is rated for 10/100/1000Mbps and the router is trying to establish a 2.5Gbps link. Forcing the negotiation down to 1000Mbps (1 Gbps) or replacing flat ethernet cables with shielded twisted-pair (STP) cables often establishes the loopback connection instantly.
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